Promotion of mushroom growth by means of biological agents replacing chemicals is an emerging and highly demanded issue in the sector of mushroom cropping. Due to the significant results achieved by local treatment T2 when compared with the imported treatment T1 used as control, it is recommended to prepare them for use as a successful alternative for the purpose of reducing the cost of producing domestic mushrooms. It was also found that the use of t4 and t2 extracts gave the highest rate of leg diameter of 10.65 and 10.64 mm respectively. It was found that the t2 extract gave the highest rate of cap diameter, thickness 52.26 and 21.08 mm, respectively, and the highest rate of fruiting bodies production at 2, 3 and 4 reached 31.000 kg-2 compared with other extracts. The highest rate of stem diameter was 10.76, 10.56 and 10.15 mm achieved with T1, T2 and T4 respectively.

T2 casing soil was characterized by the highest total fruit yield rate 1n stages (1, 2, 3 and 4) amount to 48.771 kg m 2 and the highest biological efficiency rate reached 72.253% with blend T2t2 and highest cap diameter of 47.97 mm compared to other treatments, While the highest cap rate of 19.96, 19.54 and 19.36 mm was achieved with T4, T3 and T2 titration coefficients respectively. They are : T1 used as a control agent (imported soil) and T2 prepared locally from reed peat, palm roots, coal, limestone, dolomite, T3 composed of river sand, peat moss and T4 consisting of spent mushroom substrate, river sand and peat moss and 4 types of extracts organic (t2), mineral extract (t3), organic and mineral mixture (t4). In this study, 4 types of Casing soil assimilates were used. The experiment was carried out in cooperation between the Faculty of Education for Pure Sciences, Department of Biology and the Center for Desert Studies-University of Anbar to investigate the role of locally prepared casing materials and extracts and their effect on the productive qualities and biological efficiency of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus. Our work has laid a foundation for future research on biofilms on Laboulbeniomycetes. We suggest genetics and metabolomics approaches to investigate possible interactions between Laboulbeniales fungi and the biofilms. These bacterial communities were mainly found on the thalli, and only in small quantities on the arthropod integument. associated with Harmonia axyridis (Coccinellidae). flagellata associated with Limodromus assimilis (Carabidae), and Hesperomyces virescens s.l. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs show an abundance of bacterial biofilms on thalli of three species: Laboulbenia collae associated with Paranchus albipes (Carabidae), L. This study is the first to show the presence of biofilms on thallus surfaces of Laboulbeniales, an order of fungi that have biotrophic associations with arthropod hosts. These microbial communities are of interest both from an ecological and a biotechnological point of view, as they have been shown to play a role in biodegradation and biosynthesis. bisporus strains.īacterial biofilms have been described on a number of fungal taxa. Typically, 3-6% of primordia developed into mature sporophores, but significant differences in this proportion, as well as in the numbers of primordia produced, were recorded between 12 A.

In larger-scale, nonaxenic culture, strain B430 produced severely malformed but mature sporophores in similar numbers to those of other strains. However, none of these rudimentary primordia developed differentiated tissues or beyond 4 mm diameter, either on axenic casing material in the microcosms or in larger-scale culture. Of six strains tested, only the developmental variant mutant, B430, produced rudimentary primordia on axenic peat-based casing material. bisporus (commercial strain A15) was capable of producing primordia and mature sporophores on charcoal (wood and activated), anthracite coal, lignite and zeolite, but not on bark, coir, peat, rockwool, silica or vermiculite. bisporus were cultured in axenic and nonaxenic microcosms, using a rye grain substrate covered by a range of organic and inorganic casing materials. Some of these primordia then may develop further into sporophores, involving differentiation of tissue. The mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) has a requirement for a 'casing layer' that has specific physical, chemical and microbiological properties which stimulate and promote the initiation of primordia.

Primordia mushroom